Joints notes
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Vertebral Column
Intervertebral discs - Symphyses
> Formed by a plate of fibrous cartilage which contains a cavity
> Between the bodies of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra
^ Contains an outer fibrous ring called anulus fibrosus attached to epiphyseal rims of bodies. Fibres arranged obliquely, concentrically
* Contains a central cartilaginous core called nucleus pulposus which is very resilient and semifluid. It is avascular. It serves as a fulcrum when flexing and extending
>- No IV disc between the C1 and C2 vertebra
> Anterior longitudinal ligament - connects the anterolateral surface of the vertebral bodies and the IV discs, from anterior tubercle of C1 and occipital bone to pelvic surface of sacrum
* Posterior longitudinal ligament - connects the posterior surface of the IV discs, from anterior tubercle of C2 to the sacrum
Intervertebral discs - Syndesmoses
> Ligaments flava - yellow elastic tissue between the lamina of adjacent vertebral arches.
Thickest in lumbar region and assist with straightening of vertebral column
* interspinous ligaments - adjoin spinous processes
>■ Supraspinous ligaments - adjoin the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum
> Nuchal ligament - fibroelastic tissue extending from the external occipital protuberance, posterior border of foramen magnum to the spinous processes of cervical vertebra
»■ Intertransverse ligaments - adjoin the transverse processes
Craniovertebral joints - Synovial
Atlanto - occipital joints
» Articulations - between the superior articular surfaces of the atlas and occipital condyles
^ Articular capsule
> Anterior and posterior atlanto - occipital membranes from the arches of C1 to margins of foramen magnum
>■ Flexion, tilting
Atlanto - axial joints
> Lateral atlantoaxial articulations - between the inferior articular surfaces of the atlas and superior facets of C2 - plane
> Median atlantoaxial articulations - between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of the atlas - pivot
> Articular capsule
> Transverse ligament of atlas between tubercles, longitudinal bands between occipital bone and C2, alar ligaments from dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum, tectorial membrane as a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
> Flexion, tilting
Thoracic Joints Joints Of Pectoral Girdle
Sternoclavicular Joint
> Saddle joint but also a ball and socket joint
> Separated by an articular disc
Articular Aurfaces
> Sternal end of clavicle and the manubrium and 1st costal cartilage
Joint Capsule
> Surrounds the joint
>- External fibrous layer - attaches to the margins of articular surfaces and the articular disc.
>■ Internal synovial membrane
Ligaments
> Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular - reinforce the joint capsule
Interclavicular ligament - strengthens the capsule superiorly, it connects the sternal ends of the ciavicles and the manubrium
>■ Costoclavicular ligaments - anchor the inferior surface of the sternal end of the clavicle to the 1st rib and its costal cartilage
Actions
> Elevation - depression
> Circumduction
> Anterior and posterior displacement
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