.
Adult basic life support 2 Adult advanced life support 5 Universal treatment algorithm 7 Acute pulmonary edema: assessment 9 Pulmonary edema: causes 11 Pulmonary edema: management 12 Pulmonary edema: specific conditions 15 Acute aortic regurgitation 16 Acute mitral regurgitation 18 Deep vein thrombosis: assessment 20 Deep vein thrombosis: management 22 Pulmonary embolism (PE): assessment 24 Pulmonary embolism: investigations 25 Pulmonary embolism: management 27 Fat embolism 29 Hypertensive emergencies 31 Hypertensive emergencies: management 33 Drugs for hypertensive emergencies 35 Hypertensive emergency with retinopathy (accelerated and malignant hypertension) 37 Hypertensive encephalopathy 39 Aortic dissection: assessment 40 Aortic dissection: investigations 43 Aortic dissection: management 45 Acute pericarditis: assessment 48 Acute pericarditis: management 50 Cardiac tamponade: presentation 51 Cardiac tamponade: management 53
Central line insertion 55 Internal jugular vein cannulation 57 Subclavian vein cannulation 59 Pulmonary artery catheterization 61
Indications for temporary pacing 66 Temporary ventricular pacing 68 Temporary atrial pacing 71 AV sequential pacing 72 Temporary pacing: complications 73 Pericardiocentesis 75 DC cardioversion 78 Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation 80
2 Coronary artery disease
Angina pectoris 86
Acute coronary syndromes 89
ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 91
STEMI: diagnosis 93
STEMI: general measures 96
STEMI: reperfusion therapy (thrombolysis) 98
STEMI: reperfusion by primary PCI 101
Surgery for acute STEMI 103
STEMI: additional measures 104
Right ventricular (RV) infarction 105
STEMI: predischarge risk stratification 107
STEMI: complications 109
Ventricular septal defect post-MI 111
Acute mitral regurgitation post-MI 113
Pseudoaneurysm and free wall rupture 114
Cocaine-induced MI 115
Ventricular tachyarrhythmias post-MI 117
Atrial tachyarrhythmia post-MI 117
Bradyarrhythmias and indications for pacing 118
Bradyarrhythmias post-MI 118
Hypotension and shock post-MI 119
Cardiogenic shock 120
Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)/unstable angina (UA) 122 NSTEMI/UA: diagnosis 124 NSTEMI/UA: risk stratification 125 NSTEMI/UA: late risk stratification 127 NSTEMI/UA: medical management 128 NSTEMI: invasive vs. noninvasive strategies 131 Discharge and secondary prevention 132
Peripheral vascular disease 133
Introduction 134
Epidemiology 135
Risk factors 136
Natural history 137
Pathophysiology 139
Clinical presentation 140
Testing for peripheral artery disease 141
Prognosis in peripheral artery disease 147
Acute limb ischemia 152
Cerebrovascular disease 155
Renovascular disease 157
Aortic disease 161
Noninvasive and invasive vascular diagnostic tools 166 Further reading 170
4 Valvular heart disease 173
General considerations 174
Acute rheumatic fever 176
Mitral stenosis 179
Mitral regurgitation 183
Mitral valve prolapse 186
Aortic stenosis 188
Aortic stenosis: management 190
Aortic regurgitation 193
Right heart valve lesions 197
Prosthetic heart valves 200
Prosthetic heart valves: complications 203
Infective endocarditis 204
5 Heart failure 211
Introduction 212 Forms of heart failure 215 Causes and precipitants 217 Diagnosis and initial workup 219 Management 222 Diuretics in heart failure 224 ACE inhibitors for heart failure 226 B-Blockers for heart failure 229
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists for heart failure 232
Aldosterone receptor antagonists in heart failure 233
Digoxin in heart failure 235
Vasodilators in heart failure 235
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in heart failure 236
Positive inotropic support 236
Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants 236
Miscellaneous drugs for heart failure 236
Device therapy for heart failure 237
Surgery for heart failure 238
Palliative care for heart failure 240
Worsening heart failure 241
Diastolic heart failure 242
High-output heart failure 244
6 Preventive cardiology
Background 246
Atherosclerosis: pathophysiology 247 Development of atherosclerotic plaques 249 Epidemiology 251
Assessment of atherosclerotic risk 252 Risk factors for coronary artery disease 256 Hypertension 262
Treatment of high blood pressure 264 Combining antihypertensive drugs 267 Lipid management in atherosclerosis 269 Lipid-lowering medications 272 Goals of lipid-lowering therapy 274 Diabetes and atherosclerosis 277 The metabolic syndrome 280 Metabolic syndrome: management 282 Aspirin for primary prevention 283
7 Diseases of the myocardium and pericardium
Myocardial diseases
Classification 286
Dilated cardiomyopathy 288
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 290
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 295
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 291
Ischemic cardiomyopathy 299
Valvular cardiomyopathy 299
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy 299
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 299
Metabolic cardiomyopathy 299
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (“broken heart syndrome”) 300
General system disease 301
Nutritional cardiomyopathy 301
Muscular dystrophies 301
Neuromuscular disorders 302
Sensitivity or toxic reactions 302
Peripartum 302
Myocarditis 303
Pericardial diseases
Etiology 305
Syndromes of pericardial disease 306 Acute pericarditis without effusion 301 Pericardial effusion ± tamponade 309 Constrictive pericarditis 311 Effusive-constrictive pericarditis 312 Calcific pericarditis without constriction 312 Viral pericarditis 313 Tuberculous pericarditis 313 TB constrictive pericarditis 314 TB effusive-constrictive pericarditis 314 TB pericardial effusion 315 Uremic pericarditis 311 Neoplastic pericardial disease 318 Myxedematous effusion 319
Nontuberculous bacterial (purulent) pericarditis 320
Radiation pericarditis 321
Drug- or toxin-induced pericarditis 321
Postcardiotomy syndrome 322
Postinfarction pericarditis 322
Rheumatic fever 322
Autoimmune pericarditis 323
Traumatic pericarditis 323
