PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY MANUAL AND LABORATORY REPORT BOOK
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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION - L. Vitanova 5
Physiology experiment and basic physiology equipment -A. Kurtev 7
2. EXCITABLE TISSUES ~ L. Vitanova 14
Main characteristics of excitable tissues: ion channels, cell membrane, ion currents 14
Membrane potentials 15
Equilibrium and electrochemical potentials 15
Membrane potentials in living nature 17
3. EXAMINATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES - P. Kupenova 26
Recording of compound action potential (electroneurogram) from a peripheral nerve 26
Recording of a compound action potential (electroneurogram) from a frog peripheral nerve, properties of peripheral nerves.... 29
Relationship between stimulus intensity and ENG amplitude 30
Estimation of nerve conduction velocity in different groups of fibers of the frog sciatic nerve 30
Nerve excitability testing. Strength-duration relationship 31
Excitability changes during action potential generation 32
Estimation of conduction velocity of sensory and motor fibers in a human peripheral nerve 33
Estimation of the conduction velocity of the fastest motor fibers of the median nerve (n. medianus) 34
Estimation of the dominant conduction velocity of the sensory fibers of the median nerve (n. medianus) 35
4. MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY -A. Kurtev 43
Physiology of the skeletal muscles 43
Muscle fatigue. Electromyography. Physiology of smooth muscles 49
Muscle fatigue 51
Electromyography 52
Muscle fatigue. Electromyography. Physiology of smooth muscles 54
5. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - N. Belova, P. Kupenova 56
Overview of the cardiovascular physiology - N. Belova 56
Cardiac physiology. Experiments on frog heart - P. Kupenova 57
Automaticity of the cardiac muscle 57
Evaluation of heart excitability. Refractory periods. Premature beats (extrasystoles) 61
Autonomic nervous system regulation of the heart 62
Electrocardiography - P. Kupenova 66
ECG analysis 71
Acoustic events generated during the heartbeat. Auscultation of the heart. Phonocardiography - N. Belova 80
Basic principles of auscultation ~ 80
Physiological heart sounds 80
Phonocardiography 83
Phase analysis of left ventricular systole 85
Examination of blood vessels - N. Belova 89
Arterial pulse evaluation 89
Blood flow velocity measurement 94
Pulse wave velocity evaluation 95
Measurement of blood pressure - N. Belova 98
Cardiovascular function tests - N. Belova 109
Cardiovascular changes during stress testing 109
Orthostatic changes in the body 113
6. BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY - Y. Nyagolov 118
Blood cell counting. Packed cell volume 118
Blood cell counting principles 119
Blood cell counting 121
Hemoglobin content of blood 126
Blood groups, blood typing and blood transfusion 127
Red blood cell indices 129
Blood coagulation 130
4 / Practical physiology manna! and laboratory report book
7. RESPIRATION-A. Kurtev 135
Lung volumes and capacities ....135
Measurement of minute ventilation (minute respiratory volume) and alveolar ventilation using Vacumed ...139
Spirogram recording and evaluation of lung volumes and capacities using Jager spirometer 140
Resistance in the respiratory system. Flow-volume curves 147
Measurement of airway resistance using the interrupter (occlusion) method (Rocc) and Jager Flowscreen spirometer 150
8. GAS EXCHANGE AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE. BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
RATIONAL NUTRITION - Y. Nyagolov .154
Principles of energy expenditure estimation ..154
Basal metabolic rate 157
Calculation of metabolic rate at rest and during dynamic exercise using the gas analyzer “Normocap” 159
Principles of rational nutrition 162
Major principles of rational nutrition 162
Evaluation of a daily menu plan 164
Algorithm for a daily menu plan preparation 165
9. RENAL PHYSIOLOGY - R. Girchev 172
The concept of renal clearance 173
Application of clearance methods to quantify kidney function 174
PAH clearance can be used to estimate renal plasma flow 175
Calculation of tubular reabsorption or secretion from renal clearances 176
10. FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. ACID-BASE BALANCE REGULATION - R. Girchev... 184
Body fluids. Water and electrolyte balance 184
Composition of body fluids 184
Water and electrolyte balance 185
Glossary and definitions of terms 186
Calculation of body fluid dynamics 187
Regulation of acid-base balance 196
Normal hydrogen ion concentration and pH of body fluids 196
Buffer systems 197
Indices of acid-base balance 199
Disorders of acid-base balance 200
11. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - L. Vitanova..... 206
Reflexes in clinical practice 206
Exteroceptive reflexes (mucosal and cutaneous reflexes) 207
Proprioceptive reflexes 208
Electroencephalography 210
Reaction time 213
12. SENSORY SYSTEMS - L. Vitanova, E. Stoimenova .....217
Psychophysical methods in the study of sensory system processes. Basic concepts - B. Stoimenova 217
Physiology of the somatosensory system - L. Vitanova 218
Examination of the general somatic sensitivity 219
Spatial threshold testing: esthesiometry „220
Auditory system - L. Vitanova 221
Comparing air and bone conductivity 221
Audiometry 222
Physiology of the visual system - L. Vitanova, B. Stoimenova 224
Visual acuity and its measurement 224
Visual field 226
Color vision 227
Pupillary reflexes 228
Eye convergence measurements 229
13. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM-N. Belova 236
Early pregnancy test. Insulin actions .237
Red blood cell osmotic resistance 131
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