Water Loss Reduction, Bentley
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11.66 €
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1 Introduction to Water Loss Reduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Water Loss: How Big Is the Problem? 1
1.3 Benefits of Water Loss Reduction 3
1.3.1 Increasing Revenue 3
1.3.2 Saving Energy 4
1.3.3 Reducing the Carbon Footprint 5
1.3.4 Social and Environmental Benefits 6
1.4 Holistic Approach 7
1.4.1 Asset Management 8
1.4.2 Hydraulic Modeling 9
1.4.3 Optimization Modeling 10
1.4.4 Institutional Regulation 10
1.5 Water Loss Reduction Process 11
2 Understanding Water Losses 13
2.1 Water Loss and Non-Revenue Water: The Scale of the Problem 13
2.1.1 Defining Water Losses and Non-Revenue Water 13
2.2 Causes of Water Losses 14
2.2.1 Real Losses (Leakage) 14
2.2.2 Apparent Losses 15
2.3 Developing a Strategy for Water Loss Management 16
2.4 Assessing Real Losses 17
2.4.1 Top-Down Real Loss Assessment 17
2.4.2 Bottom-Up Real Loss Assessment 18
2.4.3 Component Analysis 18
2.5 Establishing a Water Balance 19
2.5.1 Determining System Input Volume 20
2.5.2 Determining Authorized Consumption 20
2.5.2.1 Billed Metered Consumption 20
2.5.2.2 Billed Unmetered Consumption 21
2.5.2.3 Unbilled Metered Consumption 21
2.5.2.4 Unbilled Unmetered Consumption 21
2.5.3 Estimating Apparent Losses 21
2.5.3.1 Unauthorized Consumption 21
2.5.3.2 Customer Metering Inaccuracies and Data-Handlinging Errors 22
2.5.4 Calculating Real Losses 22
2.6 Bottom-Up Real Loss Assessment 22
2.6.1 24-Hour Zone Measurements 22
2.6.2 Night Flow Analysis 23
2.6.2.1 Fixed and Variable Area Discharge Path (FAVAD) 24
2.6.2.2 Net Night Flow (NNF) 24
2.6.2.3 Estimating Real Loss Components 24
2.6.2.4 Leakage and Overflows at Utility’s Storage tanks 25
2.7 Component Analysis 25
2.7.1 Calculation of Average Pressure 25
2.7.2 Calculation of Background Losses 26
2.7.2.1 Calculation of Losses from Reported and Unreported Bursts 26
2.7.2.2 Calculation of Losses from Leaking and Overflowing Storage Tanks 27
2.7.2.3 Calculation of Excess Losses 28
2.8 Calculating Real Loss Performance Indicators 28
2.8.1 Level 1 Indicators 30
2.8.2 Level 2 Indicators 30
2.8.3 Level 3 Indicators 31
Active Leakage Control 32
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Zonal (DMA) Monitoring 33
3.3 DMA Management 34
3.4 Flow Metering 35
3.5 Data Capture and Analysis 37
3.6 Pressure Management 37
3.6.1 Pressure Management within a DMA
3.8.6 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 47
3.8.7 Signal Analysis 49
3.9 Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) and Intelligent Meters 49
3.10 Acoustic Monitoring and Advanced Meter Infrastructure (AMI) 50
3.11 Multi-Parameter Monitoring 50
3.11.1 Transmission Mains 50
3.11.2 Distribution Network Monitoring 51
3.12 Using Network Models to Find Areas of Leakage 51
4 Leakage Data Management 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Data Collection 54
4.2.1 Leakage Calculation and Data Requirements 54
4.2.1.1 “Bottom-Up” Leakage 54
4.2.1.2 “Excess” Leakage 55
4.2.1.3 “Top-Down” Leakage 55
4.2.1.4 Water Balance Reconciliation 55
4.2.2 Asset Data 56
4.2.3 Customer Data 56
4.2.4 Time-Series Data 57
4.3 Leakage Management 57
4.3.1 Detection 57
4.3.1.1 Target Entry and Exit Levels 57
4.3.1.2 Flow and Pressure Exception Reports 58
4.3.1.3 Area Comparisons 58
4.3.1.4 Leakage in Non-District Meter Areas 58
4.3.1.5 Detection History 59
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4.3.2 Leakage Repairs 60
4.4 Integrated Model 61
4.4.1 Future Developments 61
4.4.1.1 Customer Metering 61
4.4.1.2 Real-Time Monitoring 61
4.5 Conclusions 62
5 Leakage Hydraulic Analysis 63
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Leakage Hydraulics 63
5.2.1 Orifice Flow Equation 63
5.2.2 Leakage Discharge Coefficient 65
5.2.3 Leak Orifice Area 65
5.2.4 Leakage Flow 66
6 Leakage Detection via Hydraulic Model Calibration 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Needs 87
6.3 Basic Approach 88
6.3.1 Simple Genetic Algorithm 89
6.4 Overview of Model-Based Detection Methods 90
6.4.1 Inverse Transient. Methods 91
6.4.2 Inverse Hydraulic Model Methods 92
6.5 Optimization-Based Model Calibration 93
6.5.1 Obj e ctives 9 4
6.5.2 How Do Objective Functions Matter? 95
6.6 Model-Based Leak Detection Methods 95
6.6.1 Volume-Based Demand Calibration 96
6.6.2 Pressure-Dependent Demand Calibration 96
6.6.3 Pressure-Dependent Leakage Detection 98
6.6.4 PDLD Constraint Handling 99
6.7 Integrated Solution Method 100
6.7.1 fmGA Key Features 100
6.7.2 Leakage Solution Representation 101
6.7.3 Integrated Framework 101
6.8 Field Data 102
