The Middle East A History
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Contents
1. Geographic Prologue 3
Geography; Physiography; Climate; Flora and Fauna; Resources; People; References.
2. Pre-Islamic Politics and Society in the Middle East 10
The Rise of Civilization; Ancient Empires; Alexander and the Greeks; The Roman Empire and Its Successors; Pre-Islamic Civilization in the Arabian Society; References.
PART I. THE RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM
3. Muhammad: His Life and Leadership 29
Muhammad’s Early Life; His Call; Preaching and Converts; Persecution; Flight to Medina; Conflict with Mecca; Victory; References.
4. The Establishment of the Muslim State 44
The Caliphate; Abu Bakr; Umar; Problems of Administration; Uthman; Muslim Political Parties; Ali; References.
5. Islam 58
The Koran; Traditions; Dogmas; Duties; Virtues; References.
6. The Spread and Organization of the Muslim Empire
under the Umayyads 69
Campaigns Against Byzantium; North Africa and Spain; Expansion in Asia; Fiscal Developments; Social Organization; Political Administration; References.
7. The Flowering of the Muslim World under the
Abbasids 83
The Glory of Baghdad; Administrative Organization; Economic Life; Spain and North Africa; The Eastern Provinces; The Turks; References.
8. Muslim Theology and Law 97
The Science of Tradition; Muslim Law; Four Orthodox Schools; Rationalism; Asceticism and Mysticism; Fraternal Orders; Shiism; Cults and Sects; References.
9. Muslim Culture 111
Philosophy; Medicine; Mathematics; Astronomy; Sciences; Geography; Agriculture; Poetry; Literature; History; Education; Architecture; The Minor Arts; The Seclusion of Women; Recreation; References.
10. The End of Medieval Islam 133
The Crusades; The Mongol Invasions; Mamluk Rule in Egypt; Destruction of the Medieval Muslim World; The Ottoman Turks; Iran; Egypt; References.
PART II. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
11. The Byzantine Empire 149
Establishment of the State; Political History; The Church; The Government; Agriculture and Industry; Trade; Guilds; The Crusades; The End of Byzantine Rule; References.
12. Early Turkish States of Asia Minor 161
Turkish Penetration of Asia Minor; Seljuk Turks of Rum; Mongol Invasion; Fragmentization of Asia Minor; Turkish Ghazi States; Ghazi Society; References.
13. Ottoman Origins and Early Institutions 171
Ottoman Origins; Ottomans in Europe; Ottoman Army; Bayezid I; Political and Social Development; Defeat at Ankara; References.
14. The Winning of the Ottoman Empire 182
Mehmed I Reunites the State; Expansion in Asia; Murad II; Ottoman Society and Culture; Military Developments; Mehmed II; Capture of Constantinople; References.
15. Building the Ottoman Empire 195
Consolidation of the Empire; Settlement of Istanbul; The Palace School; Bayezid and Jem; Wars of Bayezid II; Selim’s Succession; War Against Iran; The Conquest of Egypt; Selim I; References.
16. Institutions of the Ottoman Empire 208
The Sultan; The Ruling Institution; The Muslim Institution; Non-Muslim Subjects; Foreigners; References.
17. The Ottoman Empire as a World Power 218
Suleiman I; Belgrad and Rhodes; Suleiman’s Court; The Seige of Vienna; Naval Activities; Eastern Campaigns; Hungary Again; Suleiman’s Family and Friends; Imperial Problems; Selim II; Ottoman Architecture; Ottoman Literature; References.
18. A Century of Stagnation and Decay 235
Privilege, Indolence, and Corruption; Resurgence Under the Kopriilus; Retreat from Vienna; Treaty of Karlowitz; References.
19. The Decline and Retreat of the Ottoman Empire 246
Weak Sultans; Wars with Russia and Austria; Treaty of Capitulations; Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji; Peace of Jassy; The Phanariotes; Rebellious Provinces; Search for Reform; References.
PART III. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST
20. The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon 261
Selim’s Reforms; Napoleon Invades Egypt; Uprising in Serbia; Overthrow of Selim; Mahmud II and the Napoleonic Wars; References.
21. Mahmud II—Nationalism and Reform 269
The Greek Revolution; Intervention by Egypt and the Powers; Treaty of Adrianople; Destruction of the Janissaries; Muhammad Ali and Mahmud II; Mahmud’s Reforms; References.
22. Muhammad Ali and the Development of Modern Egypt 279
Rise of Muhammad Ali; Arabia and the Sudan; Greek Expedition; Conquest of Syria; Organization of Egypt;
